La place des femmes dans la Société d'art contemporain : Montréal, 1939-1948

Suite à notre constatation que l'histoire de l'art des femmes du Québec et du Canada reste largement à écrire, nous avons voulu y contribuer en étudiant la manière avec laquelle les femmes s'étaient impliquées dans le champ de l'art, à l'aube de la modernité artistique. Consciente de la complexité de cette problématique, nous avons décidé de restreindre notre objet d'étude à l'analyse du rôle et de la reconnaissance des femmes à l'intérieur d'un groupe d'artistes montréalais des années 1940: la Société d'art contemporain (SAC). Le nombre élevé de femmes membres rendant cette étude trop vaste pour un mémoire de maîtrise, nous nous sommes vue contrainte de procéder à une sélection. Comme ce groupe qui soutenait l'art moderne s'était donné comme principale mission d'organiser des expositions des oeuvres de ses membres, notre sélection fût déterminée par la fréquence des participations des femmes aux expositions. Huit femmes -Marguerite Doernbach, Louise Gadbois, Prudence Heward, Sybil Kennedy, Mabel Lockerby, Jeanne Rhéaume, Marian Scott et Fanny Wiselberg -se sont finalement imposées comme faisant partie des membres les plus actifs et les plus susceptibles d'avoir eu un rôle significatif à jouer dans le groupe. Cette recherche étant basée sur une approche à la fois historique, sociologique et iconographique, la place des femmes dans la SAC y est analysée sous différents aspects. L'apport de notre corpus à la SAC est d'abord évalué grâce à l'observation des fonctions qu'y occupaient, ou non, ces huit femmes. Par ailleurs, l'analyse de leur production artistique -ou, lorsque cela s'est avéré possible, des oeuvres présentées lors des expositions de la SAC -nous a permis de constater de quelle manière chacune de ces artistes avait intégré les principes modernes dans sa pratique et, par conséquent, d'évaluer l'impact qu'elles avaient pu avoir à l'intérieur de la SAC, ainsi que sur le public. Enfin, l'analyse de la réception critique de ces femmes nous éclaire sur leur reconnaissance par le milieu de l'art et nous fournit, ainsi, davantage d'indices sur l'importance qu'elles étaient susceptibles d'avoir dans la SAC. Une attention particulière a, par ailleurs, été accordée au vocabulaire utilisé par la critique, afin d'évaluer si leur travail était commenté en fonction d'une quelconque « identité féminine ». Ce mémoire s'appuie sur une importante recherche en archives et constitue, en grande partie, un travail de défrichage. Il s'agit par conséquent d'une étude préliminaire pour des travaux plus approfondis sur ces femmes artistes. Néanmoins, nous croyons avoir démontré que, même si les femmes n'occupaient pas les devants de la scène artistique à l'époque de la SAC, elles manifestaient clairement le désir de s'impliquer dans la sphère sociale, et que ce groupe d'artistes leur a sans doute fourni un moyen d'y arriver. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Femmes artistes, Modernité, Société d'art contemporain, Montréal, 1940, Marguerite Doernbach (Peggy Anderson), Louise Gadbois, Prudence Heward, Sybil Kennedy, Mabel Lockerby, Jeanne Rhéaume, Marian Scott, Fanny Wiselberg

New platinum(II) complexes conjugate at position 7α of 17β-acetyl-testosterone as new combi-molecules against prostate cancer : design, synthesis, structure-activity relationships and biological evaluation

Prostate cancer is a major public health problem worldwide and, more specifically, new treatments for hormone-refractory cancers are highly sought by several research groups. Although platinum(II)-based chemotherapy and other strategies grow in interest to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), they still exhibit modest activity on CRPC and overall patient survival. In this study, we designed and prepared new combi-molecules using 17β-acetyl-testosterone and amino acid platinum(II) complexes linked at the position 7α to target and to improve the antiproliferative activity of platinum(II)-based chemotherapy on prostate cancer cells. Twelve chemical intermediates and six new combi-molecules were prepared and characterized. Structure-activity relationships studies show that the platinum complex moiety is essential for an optimal cytocidal activity. Moreover, stereochemistry of the amino acid involved in the platinum complexes had only minor effects on the antiproliferative activity whereas pyridinyl (10a and b) and thiazolyl (10f) complexes exhibited the highest cytocidal activities that are significantly superior to that of cisplatin used as control on human prostate adenocarcinoma LNCaP (AR+), PC3 (AR-) and DU145 (AR-). Compounds 10a, b and f arrested the cell cycle progression in S-phase and induced double strand breaks as confirmed by the phosphorylation of histone H2AX into γH2AX. Compounds 10a and f showed 33 and 30% inhibition, respectively of the growth of HT-1080 tumors grafted onto chick chorioallantoic membranes. Finally, compounds 10a and 10f exhibited low toxicity on the chick embryos (18 and 21% of death, respectively), indicating that these new combi-molecules might be a promising new class of anticancer agents for prostate cancer

Impact of Intensive Land-Based Fish Culture in Qingdao, China, on the Bacterial Communities in Surrounding Marine Waters and Sediments

The impact of intensive land-based fish culture in Qingdao, China, on the bacterial communities in surrounding marine environment was analyzed. Culture-based studies showed that the highest counts of heterotrophic, ammonium-oxidizing, nitrifying, and nitrate-reducing bacteria were found in fish ponds and the effluent channel, with lower counts in the adjacent marine area and the lowest counts in the samples taken from 500 m off the effluent channel. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to assess total bacterial diversity. Fewer bands were observed from the samples taken from near the effluent channel compared with more distant sediment samples, suggesting that excess nutrients from the aquaculture facility may be reducing the diversity of bacterial communities in nearby sediments. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced DGGE bands indicated that the bacteria community of fish-culture-associated environments was mainly composed of Flavobacteriaceae, gamma- and deltaproteobacteria, including genera Gelidibacter, Psychroserpen, Lacinutrix, and Croceimarina

New testosterone derivatives as semi-synthetic anticancer agents against prostate cancer : synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation

Prostate cancer (PC) is a major health issue in the world. Treatments of localized PC are quite efficient and usually involve surgery, radiotherapy and/or hormonal therapy. Metastatic PC is however rarely curable to this day. Treatments of metastatic PC involve radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormonal treatment such as orchiectomy, antiandrogens and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. The suppression of tumor growth by hormonal treatment is efficient but overtime resistance still occurs and the disease progresses. Thus, more urgently than ever there is a need for discovery of new treatment options for castration-resistant PC (CRPC). Hence, we designed and tested a series of amide derivatives located at position 7α of testosterone as prospective “natural” or “semisynthetic” anticancer agents against CRPC with the goal of discovering therapeutic alternatives for the disease. This manuscript describes an efficient path towards the target molecules that are made in only 6 or 7 chemical steps from testosterone in good overall yields. This strategy can be used to make several compounds of interest that present higher biological activity than the classic antiandrogen; cyproterone acetate (3). The best testosterone-7α-amide was the N-2-pyridylethylamide (25) which was as active as the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (3) on androgen-dependent LNCaP cells and 2.7 times more active on androgen-independent PC3 prostate cancer cells. The results obtained show the synthetic feasibility and the potential for future development of this unique class of semi-synthetic anticancer agents that offer the premise of new treatment modalities for patients afflicted with CRPC

Regulation of pituitary MT1 melatonin receptor expression by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1) : in vivo and in vitro studies

Copyright: © 2014 Bae et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was funded by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC; grant BB/F020309/1; http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/home/home.aspx). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Can cyanobacterial diversity in the source predict the diversity in sludge and the risk of toxin release in a drinking water treatment plant?

ABSTRACT: Conventional processes (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration) are widely used in drinking water treatment plants and are considered a good treatment strategy to eliminate cyanobacterial cells and cell-bound cyanotoxins. The diversity of cyanobacteria was investigated using taxonomic cell counts and shotgun metagenomics over two seasons in a drinking water treat- ment plant before, during, and after the bloom. Changes in the community structure over time at the phylum, genus, and species levels were monitored in samples retrieved from raw water (RW), sludge in the holding tank (ST), and sludge supernatant (SST). Aphanothece clathrata brevis, Microcystis aeruginosa, Dolichospermum spiroides, and Chroococcus minimus were predominant species detected in RW by taxonomic cell counts. Shotgun metagenomics revealed that Proteobacteria was the pre- dominant phylum in RW before and after the cyanobacterial bloom. Taxonomic cell counts and shotgun metagenomic showed that the Dolichospermum bloom occurred inside the plant. Cyanobac- teria and Bacteroidetes were the major bacterial phyla during the bloom. Shotgun metagenomics also showed that Synechococcus, Microcystis, and Dolichospermum were the predominant detected cyanobacterial genera in the samples. Conventional treatment removed more than 92% of cyanobac- terial cells but led to cell accumulation in the sludge up to 31 times more than in the RW influx. Coagulation/sedimentation selectively removed more than 96% of Microcystis and Dolichospermum. Cyanobacterial community in the sludge varied from raw water to sludge during sludge storage (1–13 days). This variation was due to the selective removal of coagulation/sedimentation as well as the accumulation of captured cells over the period of storage time. However, the prediction of the cyanobacterial community composition in the SST remained a challenge. Among nutrient parameters, orthophosphate availability was related to community profile in RW samples, whereas communities in ST were influenced by total nitrogen, Kjeldahl nitrogen (N- Kjeldahl), total and particulate phos- phorous, and total organic carbon (TOC). No trend was observed on the impact of nutrients on SST communities. This study profiled new health-related, environmental, and technical challenges for the production of drinking water due to the complex fate of cyanobacteria in cyanobacteria-laden sludge and supernatant

Development of Direction Selectivity in Mouse Cortical Neurons

SummaryPrevious studies of the ferret visual cortex indicate that the development of direction selectivity requires visual experience. Here, we used two-photon calcium imaging to study the development of direction selectivity in layer 2/3 neurons of the mouse visual cortex in vivo. Surprisingly, just after eye opening nearly all orientation-selective neurons were also direction selective. During later development, the number of neurons responding to drifting gratings increased in parallel with the fraction of neurons that were orientation, but not direction, selective. Our experiments demonstrate that direction selectivity develops normally in dark-reared mice, indicating that the early development of direction selectivity is independent of visual experience. Furthermore, remarkable functional similarities exist between the development of direction selectivity in cortical neurons and the previously reported development of direction selectivity in the mouse retina. Together, these findings provide strong evidence that the development of orientation and direction selectivity in the mouse brain is distinctly different from that in ferrets

Wild Bird Influenza Survey, Canada, 2005

Of 4,268 wild ducks sampled in Canada in 2005, real-time reverse transcriptase–PCR detected influenza A matrix protein (M1) gene sequence in 37% and H5 gene sequence in 5%. Mallards accounted for 61% of samples, 73% of M1-positive ducks, and 90% of H5-positive ducks. Ducks hatched in 2005 accounted for 80% of the sample